Lipoedema is an almost-exclusively female condition estimated to affect up to 11% of adult women (Oakley et al. 2020; Vyas & Adnan 2022).

In addition to significantly affecting a person’s physical appearance, lipoedema can also cause pain and discomfort that interferes with their daily activities.

What is Lipoedema?

Lipoedema is a chronic progressive condition characterised by an unusual build-up of adipose tissue (fat) under the skin. It predominantly affects women, possibly due to being associated with female hormone changes (Better Health Channel 2017).

In lipoedema, there is an uneven distribution of adipose tissue in the body, causing the lower extremities to have a disproportionately high amount compared to the upper body (Better Health Channel 2017; Vyas & Adnan 2022).

This causes a symmetrical accumulation of fat that typically affects the buttocks, thighs, calves, and sometimes the upper arms. The hands and feet do not display swelling (Oakley et al. 2020; Cleveland Clinic 2019).

The condition is often painful, with the affected area being tender, swollen and more likely to bruise (Better Health Channel 2017).

What Causes Lipoedema?

Lipoedema is believed to be genetic, potentially with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, as those affected tend to have a family history of the condition. However, this has not been confirmed (Oakley et al. 2020; Better Health Channel 2017).

It’s also thought that the female hormone oestrogen is a contributing factor, as the onset of lipoedema tends to occur during periods of hormonal shift: puberty, pregnancy and menopause (Oakley et al. 2020; Better Health Channel 2017). Further supporting this theory is the fact that the few men who develop lipoedema often have liver disease or low testosterone - both of which are associated with high levels of oestrogen (Vyas & Adnan 2022).

Lipoedema is not related to obesity or weight gain and can affect people of all body types (Better Health Channel 2017).

Lipoedema v Lymphoedema

Despite the similarities in name, lipoedema and lymphoedema are separate conditions.

Both conditions can result in a similar body appearance, however, while lipoedema is an excessive accumulation of fat, lymphoedema is an excessive build-up of fluid caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system (Vein Health 2019).

Lymphoedema can be primary or secondary, and in some cases may actually be secondary to lipoedema if the excessive adipose tissue compresses the lymphatic tracts/vessels and causes an obstruction (Vein Health 2019).

Key differences between lipoedema and lymphoedema include the following:

• Lymphoedema affects the hands and feet
• Lymphoedema causes asymmetrical swelling
• Short-term lymphoedema causes pitting or indentation, while lipoedema does not
• Those with lymphoedema are at greater risk of infection than those with lipoedema.

(Better Health Channel 2017)

Symptoms of Lipoedema

Those with lipoedema might experience:

• Symmetrical swelling on the legs, usually between the hips and ankles
• A column-like appearance of the legs
• Spongy, soft and cool skin in the affected areas
• Dimpled ‘orange peel’ texture in the affected areas
• Tenderness and easy bruising in the affected areas
• Varicose or spider veins in the affected areas
• Sensitivity in the affected areas
• Pain, heaviness and discomfort in the affected areas, especially in the afternoon or evening, after physical activity or in hot weather
• Knock knees, flat feet or joint issues
• Difficulty walking or performing physical activity, exercise or daily tasks
• Low self-esteem, anxiety or restricted social life due to symptoms and altered physical appearance
• Difficulty buying clothes that fit due to the difference in size between the upper and lower body.

(Better Health Channel 2017; NHS 2020)

Stages of Lipoedema

As lipoedema is a progressive condition, the accumulation of adipose tissue usually increases over time (GARD 2021).

Lipoedema can be categorised into one of four stages depending on how much the condition has progressed. However, note that these stages are based solely on the appearance of the skin and do not take into account the patient’s symptoms, pain, functional capacity and quality of life (Lipedema Foundation 2019; Oakley et al. 2020).

(Lipedema Foundation 2019; Oakley et al. 2020; Vyas & Adnan 2022; Lipedema Medical Solutions 2022)

Diagnosing Lipoedema

Lipoedema may be diagnosed through a combination of the following:

• Physical examination
• Patient history, assessing:
  • Age of symptom onset
  • Signs and symptoms of the swelling
  • Tissue sensitivity
  • Tendency to develop swelling when standing
  • Weight gain
  • Stress
• Assessment of any complications associated with lipoedema (skin irritation, impaired gait, secondary lymphoedema)
• Imaging (ultrasound, colour duplex ultrasonography, CT scan, MRI).

(Better Health Channel 2017; Oakley et al. 2020)

There are a variety of differential diagnoses that may need to be excluded, including:

• Lymphoedema
• Obesity
• Phleboedema and chronic venous insufficiency
• Lipohypertrophy
• Lipomatosis
• Myxoedema.

(Oakley et al. 2020)

Treating Lipoedema

Treatment and management strategies for lipoedema include:

• Maintaining a healthy diet to reduce non-lipoedemic fat and inflammation
• Using compression bandages
• Performing skincare (e.g. using moisturising creams to prevent dryness)
• Wearing loose, comfortable clothing and avoiding tight belts or bras
• Exercising to increase mobility and circulation
• Massage to improve mobility and shift fluids from the affected area
• Liposuction followed by compression.

(Better Health Channel 2017; medi Australia 2015)