Electrolyte imbalances can occur due to hundreds of factors, none of which line up in neat, tidy queues.
Look at a few of the most common examples:
A proper understanding of these imbalances is essential for current management and future prevention.
Electrolyte imbalances occur across many different diagnostic categories.
In Australia, harsh summer environmental exposure, with resulting dehydration, is just one example of a potential root cause (Roumelioti et al. 2018); sadly, more Australians are killed from the ill effects of heatwaves than all other natural hazards (Healthdirect 2023).
This is just one potential cause, however. There are hundreds of other root causes for fluid and electrolyte imbalances, including:
(Santillanes & Rose 2018; Picetti et al. 2017; Mora-Rodríguez et al. 2014; AIS 2021)
Put simply, electrolytes are naturally occurring minerals with an electric charge.
They exist in the human body and are also present in food and fluids we ingest every day.
Potassium, magnesium and sodium are several commonly known electrolytes, but they are not alone; calcium and phosphate also play critical roles. These electrolytes serve crucial functions in the body such as keeping water in balance, regulating the body’s base pH levels and moving nutrients and waste to and from cells (MedlinePlus 2024).
Electrolyte imbalance can be a marker of many common diseases and illnesses.
Assessing a patient for electrolyte imbalance can give practitioners insight into the body's homeostasis and can serve as a marker or proxy for the presence of other illnesses.
Practitioners can assess for electrolyte imbalance using physical examination, ECGs, serum electrolyte levels and pathologic signs.
Certain symptoms can even point to a specific electrolyte that is out of balance in a patient. For example, confusion is a common symptom of hypocalcaemia (Lewis III 2023).
By using the aforementioned examination techniques, practitioners can pinpoint which electrolytes are out of balance and thus craft a more effective treatment plan for the patient.
Dehydration does not occur at some standardised setpoint; it is caused by consuming too little fluid for the body's present needs.
This can happen through either decreased consumption or outside factors that cause the body to require more water than normal.
Whenever the body is overhydrated or underhydrated - or when the body’s filtration systems do not operate normally - electrolytes no longer function as they should.
Abnormal electrolyte levels can occur any time the body’s fluid levels fluctuate outside of norms, such as after serious burns, vomiting, diarrhoea or excessive sweating.
Infrequently, overhydration can also result in serious repercussions. Certain medicines and dysfunctions of the liver and kidneys can also throw the body’s electrolytes out of normal range.
While anyone can develop an electrolyte disorder, the older population is at increased risk. Some factors that can increase the risk of an electrolyte imbalance in older populations include:
(Tinsley & Berry 2023)
Within these risk factors, there is an increased risk for those who use certain combinations of diuretics and for those with diabetes. Patients who use both thiazides and benzodiazepines are associated with higher rates of hyponatremia, which, in turn, is associated with a higher mortality risk (Liamis 2013).
The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), potassium and calcium supplements, and certain hormones, which are classified as potassium-sparing, can also lead to imbalances.
Other factors that can increase the risk of an electrolyte disorder include, but are not limited to:
(Cleveland Clinic 2022; Bernstein & Holland 2022)
There are several types of tests that can be used to diagnose electrolyte imbalance. Each type of test has its own pros and cons for detecting various types of imbalances. Here are just a few of the ways practitioners test for electrolyte dysfunction:
(MedlinePlus 2024)
Individuals who experience serious symptoms, tachycardia, mental confusion, sunken eyes, reduced elasticity of the skin, and/or a loss of consciousness need immediate medical attention.
People who dehydrate through exercise or activity can typically turn to sports drinks for electrolyte restoration. Australia’s AIS Sports Supplement Framework, an initiative of AIS Sports Nutrition, has published an excellent guide to the use of such sports drinks.
Between these two extremes is a vast middle ground with some patients requiring rapid - though not emergency - medical assistance, and some patients self-correcting without ever knowing anything more than that they 'felt a bit off'.
Although many trace elements keep the body healthy, several important electrolytes can severely affect patients when they are either too high (hyper...) or too low (hypo...).
Understanding what each electrolyte does and what happens when there isn't enough of one or too much of another is essential knowledge for nurses and can help guide electrolyte therapy.
Sodium, or Na, is one of the most important electrolytes in the body and is responsible for a number of important functions, mostly related to fluid and water regulation. The normal accepted range for sodium is 135 to 145 mEq/L (NKF 2024).
Hyponatraemia is defined as serum sodium below 135 mEq/L. A common cause is water retention due to cardiac, renal, or hepatic failure. Other causes of hyponatraemia include some medicines, psychogenic polydipsia (excessive water intake), syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), and chronic or severe vomiting and diarrhoea (NKF 2024).
Common symptoms of hyponatraemia include confusion, agitation, nausea and vomiting, muscle weakness, spasms and cramps (NKF 2024).
Hypernatraemia is defined as a serum sodium greater than 145 mEq/L (ACI 2024a).
Causes of hypernatraemia are simply anything that leads to excessive water loss or salt gain. For example, water depletion or dehydration may be caused by vomiting and diarrhoea.
Excessive ingestion of sodium is rare, but the administration of infusions containing sodium such as sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate may lead to hypernatraemia.
Clinical features of hypernatraemia may include fever, irritability, lethargy and confusion (ACI 2024a).
Potassium, or K, is responsible for the functioning of excitable tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle and nerves. The normal range for potassium in adults is 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L (Colbert 2024).
Hypokalaemia is defined as serum potassium less than 3.5 mmol/L. Low serum potassium may be caused by decreased oral intake, increased renal or gastrointestinal loss of potassium, or a shift of potassium within the body's fluid compartments (from outside the cell where it should be, to inside the cell) (Lederer 2023).
Common clinical features of hypokalaemia range from muscle weakness and ileus (lack of peristalsis) to serious cardiac arrhythmias (Lederer 2023).
Hyperkalaemia, a serum potassium of greater than 5.0 to 5.5 mmol/L (typically), may be caused by excessive intake, tissue damage from burns or trauma, medicines such as potassium-sparing diuretics or renal failure (Simon et al. 2023).
Most cases of hyperkalaemia are asymptomatic. Some patients may experience muscle weakness, fatigue, heart palpitations or loss of consciousness. ECG changes may include peaked T waves and flattened P waves (Simon et al. 2023).
Magnesium, or Mg, is another element that strongly affects muscle contractions. The normal plasma range for magnesium in adults is 0.70 to 1.10 mmol/L (Pathology Tests Explained 2023a).
Hypomagnesaemia, or a decreased plasma magnesium level, may be caused by decreased intake or increased loss of magnesium. Clinical signs can include confusion, irritability, delirium, muscle tremors and ventricular arrhythmias (Gragossian et al. 2023).
Hypermagnesaemia occurs when the magnesium level in the blood is above the normal range. Fortunately, it is uncommon. Symptoms include poor reflexes, hypotension, respiratory depression and cardiac arrest. It is usually caused by the excessive administration of magnesium and lithium therapy, often in the presence of renal failure (ACI 2024b).
Calcium, or Ca, is an important element in the body. It helps to control nerve impulses and muscle contractions and plays a role in clotting. When normal, the serum calcium range should be between 2.10 and 2.60 mmol/L (Pathology Tests Explained 2023b).
Hypocalcaemia, the presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood, is relatively rare because the bones always act as a reservoir for this electrolyte. However, parathyroid disease, vitamin D deficiency, septic shock, and acute pancreatitis can cause this problem. Some symptoms include tetany (involuntary muscle contraction), mental state changes and seizures (Goyal et al. 2023).
Hypercalcaemia, elevated levels of calcium in the blood, again arises from parathyroid problems and vitamin D issues. Signs of this form of electrolyte imbalance include nausea and vomiting, polyuria, muscular weakness and mental disturbance (Mayo Clinic 2024).
Phosphate, or P, is an electrolyte used in several functions throughout the body. Although a phosphate imbalance isn't as well known as some of the other imbalances, it can still cause problems with your patient's condition. The normal range of phosphate in the plasma is generally between 0.8 to 1.5 mmol/L (ACI 2024c). The signs and symptoms of either abnormal reading are usually subtle.
Hypophosphataemia is where levels of phosphate in the blood are below the normal range. Most cases are asymptomatic, but the most common sign is muscle weakness. Severe cases may present with symptoms such as mental status changes, seizures and cardiac failure (Sharma et al. 2024).
Hypophosphataemia may be caused by vitamin D deficiency, hyperparathyroidism or alcohol abuse. It may also be present in addition to other electrolyte disturbances in re-feeding syndrome, which is associated with the commencement of total parental nutrition (TPN) (Sharma et al. 2024).
Hyperphosphataemia occurs when levels of phosphate in the blood are above the normal range. It can be caused by kidney disease, parathyroid issues and metabolic or respiratory acidosis. Symptoms are usually not present, and they are related to hypocalcaemia. Renal patients can experience hardened calcium deposits when this condition goes untreated (Goyal & Jialal 2023).
Some examples of complications that can be caused by electrolyte imbalances include:
(Shrimanker & Bhattarai 2023)
Many electrolyte imbalances self-correct without any ill effects. A simple drink of water can correct others.
However, electrolyte imbalances can be much more than just a nuisance - they may cause severe complications when left untreated. It is important for practitioners to correctly test for and diagnose electrolyte imbalances in order to treat them in an appropriate and timely fashion.
Assign mandatory training and keep all your records in-one-place.
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